• Apple Music Now Costs $11.99 as Apple Increases Subscription Prices


• Apple Raises iCloud+ Prices in 8 Countries


• Apple Raises iPhone Prices in Japan

Hamming Codes

ECC RAM corrects errors that occur in memory before it gets to the CPU. The most common form of ECC is the Hamming Code [1] which when it has R redundant bits can correct single bit errors and detect double-bit errors in messages with 2^R-R-1 bits of data. For PC use that means if you want to protect 32bits of data you need R=6 and with 64bits you need R=7. The standard for DDR4 and similar RAM is 72 bits of data width on the bus and Hamming codes to correct single bit errors and detect double bit errors for 65bits of data. The computers we use have 64bits of data so that allows an extra bit that could be an extra parity, I don’t know what if anything is done with this extra bit.

RDIMM vs UDIMM

One point of confusion in such things is the difference between Registered memory AKA RDIMMs [2] and regular PC/laptop memory which is often referred to as UDIMMs. The “register” is just a buffer which due to complex issues that aren’t relevant to this post means that DIMMs can be larger and you can have more DIMMs in a system but latency may be slightly worse. It is technically quite possible to create RDIMMs without ECC (64bits wide instead of 72) but I have never seen a system that used such RAM.

I have used more than a few systems with ECC UDIMMs and I recommend avoiding them if convenient as ECC UDIMMs are expensive on the second hand market while ECC RDIMMs can get very cheap. There are servers with ECC RDIMMs that are very unsuitable for home use (such as dual-CPU 1RU servers which are very noisy) so once they are past the 5 year tax write-off period the server chassis gets sent to ewaste and the RAM goes on the second hand market, the glut of RAM without systems to use it forces the price down.

For the systems most commonly seen there are RDIMM systems with ECC and UDIMM systems without ECC.

Chipkill

If every bit in RAM was independent of every other bit then the basic Hamming code would solve most problems. However multiple bits in the same chip may be affected by the same problem, or one chip on the DIMM might entirely fail. With every RDIMM having 18 or 36 DRAM chips there are 2 or 4 bits per chip. On DIMMs with 36 DRAM chips one chip could fail and have the errors reliably detected with a Hamming code. On DIMMs with 18 DRAM chips one failed chip can’t necessarily be detected with Hamming codes. IBM trademarked the term ChipKill for ECC systems which can cope with a single DRAM chip failing [3]. This is referred to as “Advanced ECC” on Dell and HP servers which require an even number of DIMMs. If anyone knows what coding method is used for “ChipKill” type systems then please let me know.

Systems with advanced ECC also often have features like hot-spare for RAM and RAID-1 type functionality which is interesting but not something most people who read my blog will ever want to use.

DDR5

DDR5 has on-die ECC to deal with the increased error incidence from smaller and faster memory [4], this is specified as 8 bits of error correction per 128 bits of data which implies basic Hamming codes.

The on-die ECC is not a replacement for regular ECC, it’s a mitigation for new problems introduced. My experience of memory errors is that the majority of repeatable errors (where a system would get an error with Memtest86+ or an ECC error report repeatedly) were DIMM seating issues, I could unplug and reinsert the DIMM in question and then the same tests would pass. Those errors would not be affected by on-die ECC.

One thing that concerns me is the possibility of on-die ECC interacting with ECC on the motherboard and reducing it’s effectiveness. I haven’t been able to find out enough about how this works to determine if that’s the case. My concern is that an error of 3+ bits that’s corrected with a basic Hamming code might be more likely to create an error condition that “Advanced ECC” can’t fix than the original error.

Currently the best published research on the effectiveness of ECC on RAM errors is the Google paper published in 2009 which is based on DDR and DDR2 RAM [5]. So I don’t expect that we will see published research about even DDR4 ECC any time soon. I presume that Google and the other cloud providers are still doing such research and providing the information to DRAM vendors under NDA so we have to just hope that the DRAM vendors do what’s required to make things work correctly and allow us to buy products based on that research.

DDR5 EC4 vs EC8

DDR5 supports 2*32bit “subchannels” instead of just supporting 64bit words [6]. For DDR5 ECC RAM there are variants EC4 which has 36bits of data per subchannel and EC8 which has 40 bits. EC8 allows Hamming codes on each subchannel indepdendently. I haven’t found a reference on how exactly EC4 works, it could be reading 64bits at a time (not taking advantage of the subchannels) to use Hamming codes or it could have 1 parity bit for each subchannel and just assume that there’s no need to check Hamming codes unless the subchannel parity fails. EC8 allows full Hamming code checks on 32bits of data and presumably ChipKill on 64bits.

It’s widely claimed that all DDR5 RDIMMs are EC8 and all DDR5 ECC UDIMMs are EC4. A quick search on ebay turned up adverts for EC4 and EC8 RDIMMs and links to apparently reliable sites confirming that some of the RDIMMs are EC4. There are reports of EC8 UDIMMs even though I couldn’t find any advertised. This seems to mirror the situation with DDR4 where non-ECC RDIMMs are apparently available somewhere and ECC UDIMMs are something I’ve used a few times but most people have never seen.

I then searched for information on what servers support. The Dell R760 server supports both EC4 and EC8 RDIMMs but you can’t have both in the same system.

The existence of EC4 DIMMs is wrong. They shouldn’t make substandard gear, the manufacturing price difference between 72 and 80 bit wide DIMMs isn’t going to be great and the end result is some systems with inadequate specs and extra difficulty in upgrading systems with more things to check for compatibility.

Why ECC is Needed

Here’s an interesting article about Mozilla’s claim that 15% of Firefox crashes are due to RAM hardware errors [7], this seems to be based on repeatable errors and therefore won’t count errors where a bit flip happens once a day or less.

Some years ago I reported a BTRFS corruption issue on my desktop PC to the BTRFS developers and one of them stated that the corruption in question didn’t match any pattern expected from a BTRFS bug and recommended that I run Memtest86+. The memory test revealed that I was getting about one memory corruption per 5 hours so if I had used Firefox on that system any crashes probably wouldn’t have been regarded as hardware errors with RAM. Those errors caused filesystem corruption and some data loss, if I hadn’t been using BTRFS that could have gone unnoticed for years.

On another occasion I had a VM I was using for testing software I was developing that had some unexpected errors. After working on it for a day I had shared the errors with a mailing list of other developers who also spent some time investigating it. Eventually I began to suspect a hardware problem, I went on site and when I rebooted the system to run Memtest86+ it didn’t even boot as it had errors that stopped the BIOS from even working correctly. It was strange that the system was apparently working correctly and restarting the KVM VM resulted in the same errors happening in the same code and nothing else on the VM apparently having a problem. It turned out that the system had a motherboard problem that made all but one of the DIMM sockets unusable so I ended up sending it to e-waste. That wasted a day of my time and some hours of other people’s time. Presumably on other occasions developer time is wasted due to hardware errors and no-one even realises.

What Society Needs

We need ECC RAM to be more widely used. Ideally we would have some government action to force this given the ongoing cost to society in corrupted data and lost time due to RAM hardware errors. I think that at minimum we need sufficient taxes on non-ECC RAM (and EC4 RAM for DDR5) to make it more expensive when bought new than ECC RAM.

We need to have greater knowledge of the benefits of ECC RAM among computer experts, people need to recommend that computers be purchased with ECC RAM whenever possible and that systems which can’t have ECC RAM (laptops and phones) shouldn’t be used for storing important data.

We need to avoid silly things like having so many variants of RAM to confuse people and make it needlessly difficult to get ECC RAM working.

• [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_code
• [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_memory
• [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipkill
• [4] https://tinyurl.com/2aj7oztw
• [5] https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~bianca/papers/sigmetrics09.pdf
• [6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR5_SDRAM#Subchannels
• [7] https://tinyurl.com/yv4of7hz

DebConf26, the 27th edition of the Debian conference is taking place at the Facultad de Ingeniería en Ciencias Hídricas of the Universidad Nacional del Litoral, in Santa Fe, Argentina. We appreciate the organizers for their hard work, and hope this event will be highly beneficial for those who attend in person as well as online.

This event would not be possible without the help from our generous sponsors. We would like to warmly welcome the sponsors of DebConf26, and introduce them to you.

We have two Platinum sponsors.

• Our first Platinum sponsor is Proxmox. Proxmox develops powerful, yet easy-to-use open-source server solutions. The comprehensive open-source ecosystem is designed to manage divers IT landscapes, from single servers to large-scale distributed data centers. Our unified platform integrates server virtualization, easy backup, and rock-solid email security ensuring seamless interoperability across the entire portfolio. With the Proxmox Datacenter Manager, the ecosystem also offers a "single pane of glass" for centralized management across different locations. Since 2005, all Proxmox solutions have been built on the rock-solid Debian platform. We are proud to return to DebConf26 as a sponsor because the Debian community provides the foundation that makes our work possible. We believe in keeping IT simple, open, and under your control.

• Infomaniak is the second Platinum sponsor. Infomaniak is an independent, employee-owned Swiss technology company that designs, develops, and operates its own cloud infrastructure and digital services entirely in Switzerland. With over 300 employees — more than 70% engineers and developers — the company reinvests all profits into R&D. Its public cloud is built on OpenStack, with managed Kubernetes, Database as a Service, object storage, and sovereign AI services accessible via OpenAI- compatible APIs, all running on its own Swiss infrastructure. Infomaniak also develops a sovereign collaborative suite — messaging, email, storage, online office tools, videoconferencing, and a built-in AI assistant — developed in- house and as a privacy-respecting solution to proprietary platforms. Open source is central to how Infomaniak operates. Its latest data center (D4) runs on 100% renewable energy and uses no traditional cooling: all the heat generated by its servers is captured and fed into Geneva's district heating network, supplying up to 6,000 homes in winter and hot water year-round. The entire project has been documented and open-sourced at d4project.org.

Our Gold sponsors are:

• Freexian, Freexian specializes in Free Software with a particular focus on Debian GNU/Linux. Freexian can assist with consulting, training, technical support, packaging, or software development on projects involving use or development of Free software. All of Freexian's employees and partners are well-known contributors in the Free Software community, a choice that is integral to Freexian's business model.

• Viridien an advanced technology, digital and Earth data company that pushes the boundaries of science for a more prosperous and sustainable future. Viridien has been using Debian-based systems to power most of its HPC infrastructure and its cloud platform since 2009 and currently employs two active Debian Project Members.

Our Silver sponsors are:

• Arm: leading technology provider of processor IP, Arm powered solutions have been supporting innovation for more than 30 years and are deployed in over 280 billion chips to date.
• Pexip brings the ease of commercial video platforms to secure and sovereign environments without compromising control or performance.
• The Bern University of Applied Sciences with around 7,959 students enrolled, located in the Swiss capital.
• Ubuntu, the Operating System delivered by Canonical.
• OS-Sci, Open Source Science is a world-leading institution dedicated to teaching computer science through Free and Open Source Software (FOSS).
• gcoop, a free software development company with over 19 years of market experience, organized as a worker cooperative, promoting best practices in software development.
• Qualcomm Technologies, one of the world's leading companies in field of mobile technology, sponsors and contributes to Open Source developer communities that drive collaboration.
• Civil Infrastructure Platform, a collaborative project hosted by the Linux Foundation, establishing an open source “base layer” of industrial grade software.
• Siemens is a technology company focused on industry, infrastructure and transport.
• Collabora, a global consultancy delivering Open Source software solutions to the commercial world.
• NERDEARLA, the largest free tech event in the Spanish-speaking world.

Bronze sponsors:

• Loongson,
• credativ,
• Google,
• SpacemiT,

And finally, our Supporter level sponsors:

• Altus Metrum,
• Loongson Hobbyists Community,
• Secretaría de Tecnologías para la Gestión de la Provincia de Santa Fe

A special thanks to the Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas - FICH UNL, our Venue Partner!

Thanks to all our sponsors for their support! Their contributions enable a diverse global community of Debian developers and maintainers to collaborate, support one another, and share knowledge at DebConf26.

Top Stories

iOS 27 and iPadOS 27 Now Available to Public Beta Testers

Apple's 2026 Back to School Offer Goes Live in the US: Up to $150 Gift Card With Mac or iPad

Apple Sues OpenAI for Stealing Trade Secrets to Build AI Hardware

New iPad Mini With Four Upgrades Reportedly Launching by October

Apple's 2026 Smart Home Lineup: New Apple TV, HomePod, and Home Hub

Here's Why Apple is Reportedly Skipping M6 Pro and M6 Max Chips

MacRumors Newsletter

Running Graphical Applications in Incus Containers

I didn't know how easy it is to display the graphical console of a virtual machine until I tried recently.

$ sudo apt install virt-viewer
$ incus launch images:debian/trixie test --vm
$ incus console test --type=vga

That's it.

• Smaller Dynamic Island: It has been rumored that Face ID's flood illuminator will be moved under the screen on the iPhone 18 Pro models, paving the way for a smaller Dynamic Island on the devices.


• LTPO+ Displays: The next Pro models are expected to have the same overall design as the iPhone 17 Pro models, including 6.3-inch and 6.9-inch display sizes and a "plateau" housing three rear cameras. However, the displays will reportedly use so-called LTPO+ display technology, which should contribute to longer battery life.


• Variable Aperture: The main 48-megapixel Fusion camera on both iPhone 18 Pro models is rumored to have a variable aperture, which would allow users to control the amount of light that passes through the camera's lens and reaches the sensor. This would provide greater control over depth of field. However, given that iPhones have smaller image sensors due to smartphone size constraints, it is unclear exactly how meaningful this improvement would be.


• A20 Pro Chip: Apple's next-generation A20 Pro chip is expected to use TSMC's first-generation 2nm process, whereas the A19 Pro chip is 3nm. With a 2nm architecture and a new packaging design, the A20 Pro chip should deliver solid year-over-year performance and power efficiency gains.


• C2 Modem: Apple's custom C1 cellular modem for 5G and LTE debuted in the iPhone 16e last year, and that was followed by a C1X chip in the iPhone Air. Apple says the C1X modem is up to twice as fast as the C1 modem, and the most power-efficient modem in an iPhone ever. The improvements should continue with Apple's third-generation C2 modem in the iPhone 18 Pro models.


• 5G via Satellite: With the C2 modem, the iPhone 18 Pro models will reportedly support 5G via satellite for web browsing without Wi-Fi or cellular connectivity.


• N2 Chip: Most of the iPhone 17 models and the iPhone Air are equipped with an Apple-designed N1 chip that enables Wi-Fi 7, Bluetooth 6, and Thread. Apple says the N1 chip also improves the overall performance and reliability of features like Personal Hotspot and AirDrop. iPhone 18 Pro models are expected to have Apple's next-generation N2 chip, but it is not yet known what improvements would come with this upgrade.


• Dark Cherry: The special color for the iPhone 18 Pro models will reportedly be Dark Cherry, alongside Light Blue, Dark Gray, and Silver. The existing Cosmic Orange and Deep Blue colors are expected to be discontinued.


• Simplified Camera Control: Apple is expected to simplify the Camera Control button on the iPhone 18 Pro models, by removing touch sensitivity and haptic feedback. The redesigned button will only have pressure sensitivity.


• Redesigned Rear Ceramic Shield: The rear Ceramic Shield area for MagSafe is rumored to feature a more frosted and seamless appearance on the iPhone 18 Pro models compared to the current two-tone design.


• Larger Battery (iPhone 18 Pro Max): According to alleged Chinese regulatory database filings, the iPhone 18 Pro Max will have nearly a 10% larger battery compared to the iPhone 17 Pro Max.


• Thicker Design (iPhone 18 Pro Max): It has been rumored that the iPhone 18 Pro Max will be thicker than both the iPhone 17 Pro Max and the iPhone 18 Pro.

The diffoscope maintainers are pleased to announce the release of diffoscope version 325. This version includes the following changes:

[ Chris Lamb ]
* Fix tests to work with zipdetails 4.0008. (Closes: #1141359)
* Downgrade debhelper compatibility level to 13 for now.
* Update copyright years.

You find out more by visiting the project homepage.

The App Store was designed to be a safe and trusted place for users, and we have always strictly prohibited apps designed to generate, distribute, or consume pornography. "Nudification" apps are against our App Review Guidelines and we have proactively rejected many of these apps and removed many others, including when users have flagged them via our reporting tools. We have removed three of the apps in question and are in the process of terminating their developer accounts from our program. We are in contact with four others that need to address policy violations or risk being removed as well.

MacBook Pro

• What's the deal? Take up to $500 off MacBook Pro


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Anker

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How to Boot Into Recovery Mode

1. Turn off your iPhone, then wait about a minute to ensure it has fully shut down.


2. Press and hold the Side button. The Apple logo will appear as it normally does during startup – continue holding the button and you'll see "Continue holding for recovery...".


3. Release the button when "Loading recovery options..." appears.

What the Recovery Options Do

• Recovery Assistant: Automatically scans for software issues and attempts to fix them without requiring further input.


• Software Update: Installs the latest version of iOS available for your device, which can help if a failed update has left your iPhone stuck in a boot loop.


• Diagnostics Mode: Runs diagnostics to check for hardware and software issues, and can recommend repairs if needed.


• Erase All Content and Settings: Completely wipes your iPhone, just like the equivalent option in the Settings app.


• Recovery Mode: Puts your iPhone into the traditional recovery mode for restoring it with a Mac or PC, without requiring the usual button-press sequence.

Exiting the Recovery Screen

• AI services must be accessible through voice commands like "Hey Google" or through access points like the home button or another activation button.


• AI services must be able to complete actions in and across apps, including completing long-running tasks in the background.


• Google must allow AI services to access context from apps and device sensors so AI can offer proactive services and anticipate user needs.


• Google has to give AI apps sufficient hardware and software resources, including access to its on-device AI models to execute tasks.

Yay! Finally it’s that time of year — DebCamp is underway, and soon it will be time for DebConf! 🎉🥳

As it is by now tradition, it’s my task to coordinate the DebConf26 keysigning party. And, as usual, I have set up the list of DebConf26 keysigning maps for everybody involved.

So, if you are taking part of DebConf, make sure to:

• Find yourself in the keysigning map. Are you a part of the listing?

  • If you are not there, log in to the DebConf26 management system and edit the Personal Information section of your profile. Make sure you submit your OpenPGP key fingerprint.

  • Make sure your key is available in the keyserver network. They should basically be equivalent and interoperate, but in any case — my scripts will try to find your key at pgpkeys.eu, keys.openpgp.org, keyserver.computer42.org, keyserver.ubuntu.com, keyring.debian.org, pgp.surf.nl, pgp.pm, pgp.mit.edu, the.earth.li.

• Make sure your name is readable and matches what you want others to sign. If it does not, edit your key and upload it now!

• Remember that, as announced, the deadline for the final list is on Thursday, 2026.07.16, 09:00 GMT-3 (Argentinian time).

• Instacart - If you're using AI Mode to help you plan a grocery list, ingredients can be added right to an Instacart shopping cart for quick ordering.


• Canva - If you're creating a flyer, you can get template options from Canva.


• YouTube Music - You can use AI Mode to curate a playlist and save it to YouTube Music.